Micro Tri-Color LED Lighting For Signal Lights In Model Railroading (LED0001)

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Micro<br>Tri-Color LED Lighting<br>(606 size)<br>This package contains One Micro Tri-Color (Red, Yellow, Green) LED for use with Signals in our store.<br>This Micro LED will fit right inside the signal heads of both our HO and N Scale signals.<br>Wires are 13" long.<br>RESISTOR SELECTION FOR USE WITH LEDs<br>CURRENT LIMITING<br>For ALL LEDs, some form of current limiting should ALWAYS be provided. Typically a resistor is used,<br>but a constant-current circuit is also an option. To determine the ideal resistor value, use OHM's LAW:<br>V= I * R  or  R = V / I<br>where V is the resistor voltage in Volts, I is the current in Amps, and R is the resistance in Ohms<br>(Don't forget: A milliamp is 1/1000 Amp)<br>The LED will use up part of any applied voltage, and the resistor must use up the rest when they are connected in series.<br>A typical white LED uses up 3.5 volts, while a typical red LED only consumes 1.8 volts.<br>If excessive forward voltage is forced on any LED, it will generally draw excessive current and burn out.<br>The series resistor prevents this.<br>Example: Assume the applied voltage across a white LED and a resistor in series is 8 volts,<br>and you want a current of 3 milliamps (mA) through the LED.<br>Since the resistor and LED are connected in series, they will have the same current but divide the voltage.<br>The LED gets the first 3.5 volts, so the resistor gets the other 4.5 volts.<br>The appropriate ideal resistor for 3 mA in this example is R = V / I = 4.5 / .003 = 1500 ohms.<br>The amount of resistance needed will depend on several things:<br>1. Available voltage<br>2. Desired brightness (personal preference)<br>3. LED package<br>4. LED efficiency<br>5. LED mounting in model<br>LED EFFICIENCY: (A college physics textbook refers to this as "luminous efficiency") --<br>The luminous efficiency of an LED can be thought of as the ratio of the number of visible photons<br>emitted for each electron sent through the LED.<br>The relationship is reasonably linear (see the plot of relative intensity vs. forward current on some data sheets).<br>Differing manufacturing processes and different manufacturers produce LEDs with efficiencies that vary widely.<br>Today's most efficient LEDs are at most only a few percent efficient.<br>An approximation of the value of LED efficiency can be found on the LED's specification sheet,<br>looking at the specification for typical luminous flux.<br>(Luminous flux is a measure of the total number of visible photons emitted, regardless of the directions in which they are emitted.)<br>Models and kits produced by Showcase Miniatures, including Century Foundry products, are intended for model builders 15 years of age and older. These products are not children's toys.<br>